🏛️ Public Economics

Analyze government's role in the economy through taxation, spending, and market intervention

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Public Economics Curriculum

12
Core Units
~125
Policy Concepts
30+
Policy Tools
85+
Real-World Applications
1

Introduction to Public Economics

Understand the economic rationale for government intervention and public policy.

  • Role of government
  • Market failures
  • Public goods theory
  • Externalities
  • Government failures
  • Welfare economics
  • Efficiency vs equity
  • Policy evaluation methods
2

Public Goods

Analyze the characteristics and provision of public goods and services.

  • Pure public goods
  • Non-rivalry and non-excludability
  • Free rider problem
  • Samuelson condition
  • Club goods
  • Common pool resources
  • Public goods provision
  • Local public goods
3

Externalities

Study spillover effects and government policies to address them.

  • Positive and negative externalities
  • Coase theorem
  • Pigouvian taxes
  • Cap and trade
  • Environmental regulation
  • Network externalities
  • Congestion pricing
  • Social cost of carbon
4

Public Choice Theory

Examine how political processes affect economic outcomes and policy decisions.

  • Voting theory
  • Median voter theorem
  • Interest groups
  • Rent seeking
  • Political economy
  • Bureaucracy
  • Electoral competition
  • Constitutional economics
5

Taxation Theory

Understand the principles of optimal taxation and tax system design.

  • Tax incidence
  • Deadweight loss
  • Optimal taxation
  • Ramsey rule
  • Tax equity principles
  • Ability to pay
  • Benefit principle
  • Tax progressivity
6

Income Taxation

Analyze personal and corporate income tax systems and their economic effects.

  • Personal income tax
  • Tax brackets and rates
  • Deductions and credits
  • Corporate income tax
  • Tax incidence
  • Labor supply effects
  • Saving and investment
  • Tax avoidance and evasion
7

Commodity and Sales Taxes

Study indirect taxes, including sales taxes, excise taxes, and value-added taxes.

  • Sales tax systems
  • Value-added tax (VAT)
  • Excise taxes
  • Sin taxes
  • Tax incidence analysis
  • Optimal commodity taxation
  • Border adjustments
  • Administrative considerations
8

Government Expenditure

Examine government spending patterns, priorities, and their economic impacts.

  • Public expenditure theory
  • Budget process
  • Cost-benefit analysis
  • Government investment
  • Public sector efficiency
  • Fiscal federalism
  • Intergovernmental transfers
  • Expenditure evaluation
9

Social Insurance

Analyze social safety net programs and their design principles.

  • Social Security systems
  • Unemployment insurance
  • Health insurance
  • Disability insurance
  • Insurance market failures
  • Moral hazard
  • Adverse selection
  • Social insurance design
10

Redistribution and Welfare

Study government policies aimed at reducing inequality and poverty.

  • Income redistribution
  • Welfare programs
  • Negative income tax
  • Earned Income Tax Credit
  • Cash vs in-kind transfers
  • Poverty measurement
  • Work incentives
  • Universal basic income
11

Fiscal Federalism

Understand the division of fiscal responsibilities across government levels.

  • Decentralization theorem
  • Assignment of functions
  • Fiscal competition
  • Tax competition
  • Intergovernmental grants
  • Fiscal equalization
  • Local public finance
  • Tiebout model
12

Regulation and Antitrust

Examine government regulation of markets and competition policy.

  • Natural monopoly regulation
  • Price regulation
  • Rate-of-return regulation
  • Price cap regulation
  • Antitrust policy
  • Market concentration
  • Merger policy
  • Deregulation

Unit 1: Introduction to Public Economics

Understand the economic rationale for government intervention and public policy.

Role of Government

Explore the theoretical and practical justifications for government involvement in the economy.

Market Failure Public Goods Redistribution
Government plays several key roles in modern economies: correcting market failures, providing public goods, redistributing income, and stabilizing the economy. Each role requires different policy tools and involves trade-offs between efficiency and equity.
# Government Functions Framework
government_roles = {
  "economic_functions": {
    "allocation": {
      "purpose": "Correct market failures",
      "tools": ["Regulation", "Public provision", "Taxes/subsidies"],
      "examples": ["Public goods", "Externality correction", "Natural monopoly"]
    },
    "distribution": {
      "purpose": "Achieve desired income distribution",
      "tools": ["Progressive taxation", "Transfer programs", "Social insurance"],
      "examples": ["Welfare", "Food stamps", "Medicaid"]
    },
    "stabilization": {
      "purpose": "Maintain macroeconomic stability",
      "tools": ["Fiscal policy", "Monetary policy", "Automatic stabilizers"],
      "examples": ["Unemployment benefits", "Counter-cyclical spending"]
    }
  },
  "justifications": {
    "efficiency": "Markets don't always produce optimal outcomes",
    "equity": "Market outcomes may be unfair",
    "paternalism": "Individuals may not act in own best interest",
    "merit_goods": "Society values certain goods beyond private demand"
  }
}

Market Failures

Identify situations where markets fail to allocate resources efficiently.

Types of Market Failures:
• Public goods: Non-rivalry and non-excludability
• Externalities: Costs/benefits not reflected in prices
• Natural monopolies: Declining average costs
• Information asymmetries: Unequal access to information
Market Failure Conditions:
• Perfect competition assumptions violated
• Social marginal cost ≠ private marginal cost
• Social marginal benefit ≠ private marginal benefit
• Missing markets or incomplete contracts
# Market Failure Classification
market_failures = {
  "public_goods": {
    "characteristics": ["Non-rivalry", "Non-excludability"],
    "problem": "Free rider problem",
    "result": "Under-provision by private markets",
    "solution": "Government provision or subsidies",
    "examples": ["National defense", "Basic research", "Lighthouses"]
  },
  "externalities": {
    "types": ["Positive", "Negative"],
    "problem": "Third-party effects not priced",
    "result": "Over/under-production",
    "solutions": ["Pigouvian taxes", "Subsidies", "Regulation"],
    "examples": ["Pollution", "Education", "R&D spillovers"]
  },
  "natural_monopoly": {
    "characteristics": "Declining average cost",
    "problem": "Single firm most efficient",
    "result": "Monopoly pricing",
    "solutions": ["Price regulation", "Public ownership"],
    "examples": ["Utilities", "Railroads", "Water systems"]
  },
  "information_problems": {
    "types": ["Asymmetric info", "Adverse selection", "Moral hazard"],
    "problem": "Informed party has advantage",
    "result": "Market unraveling or inefficiency",
    "solutions": ["Regulation", "Disclosure", "Insurance"],
    "examples": ["Healthcare", "Financial markets", "Used cars"]
  }
}

Efficiency vs Equity

Understand the fundamental trade-off between economic efficiency and distributional equity.

The Efficiency-Equity Trade-off:
Policies that improve equity often reduce efficiency, and vice versa. This creates difficult choices for policymakers about how to balance these competing objectives in policy design.
Key Considerations:
• Pareto efficiency: No one can be made better off without making someone worse off
• Distributional concerns: How resources are shared across society
• Deadweight losses: Efficiency costs of redistribution
• Social welfare functions: Aggregating individual preferences
# Efficiency vs Equity Analysis
efficiency_equity = {
  "efficiency_concepts": {